من واعد Anne Louise Germaine de Staël؟

Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (French: [an lwiz ʒɛʁmɛn də stal ɔlstajn]; née Necker; 22 April 1766 – 14 July 1817), commonly known as Madame de Staël ( də-STAHL; French: [madam də stal]), was a prominent philosopher, woman of letters, and political theorist in both Parisian and Genevan intellectual circles. She was the daughter of banker and French finance minister Jacques Necker and Suzanne Curchod, a respected salonist and writer. Throughout her life, she held a moderate stance during the tumultuous periods of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, persisting until the time of the French Restoration.

Her presence at critical events such as the Estates General of 1789 and the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen underscored her engagement in the political discourse of her time. However, Madame de Staël faced exile for extended periods: initially during the Reign of Terror and subsequently due to personal persecution by Napoleon. She claimed to have discerned the tyrannical nature and ambitions of his rule ahead of many others.

During her exile, she fostered the Coppet group, a network that spanned across Europe, positioning herself at its heart. Her literary works, emphasizing individuality and passion, left an enduring imprint on European intellectual thought. De Staël's repeated championing of Romanticism contributed significantly to its widespread recognition.

Within her work, de Staël not only advocates for the necessity of public expression but also sounds cautionary notes about its potential hazards.

شارل موريس تاليران واسمه الكامل «شارل موريس تاليران-بريغور» (بالفرنسية: Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord) والمعروف اختصاراً بتاليران، سياسي ودبلوماسي وقائد عسكري فرنسي ولد في 2 فبراير 1754 وبها توفي في 17 مايو 1838. كان يعمل برتبة عليا في نظام لويس السادس عشر، وعمل كذلك خلال الثورة الفرنسية وبعد ذلك تحت حكم نابليون الأول، لويس الثامن عشر، وشارل العاشر، ولويس فيليب. عرف منذ مطلع القرن 19 ببساطة تحت اسم تاليران، وما زالت هذه الشخصية تستقطب اهتمام المؤرخين وتثير الجدل في اوساطهم. البعض أعتبره أحد الدبلوماسيين الأكثر كفاءة ومهارة، ومؤثرا في التاريخ الأوروبي، والبعض يعتقد في المقابل بانه كان خائناً للنظام القديم، وللثورة الفرنسية، ولنابليون. وهو أيضا يعتبر سيئ السمعة لانه ادار ظهره للكنيسة الكاثوليكية بعد التنسيق مع الكهنوت، وبسبب تكريس حكومة الأساقفة.

Louis Marie Jacques Amalric, comte de Narbonne-Lara (August 1755 – 17 November 1813) was a French nobleman, soldier and diplomat.

Born at Colorno in the Duchy of Parma, Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara, was possibly the illegitimate son of King Louis XV of France. Raised at Versailles and educated with a focus on classical studies and military training, he became colonel of the Army at 25. He married Marie Adélaïde de Montholon, with whom he had two daughters, and also had two illegitimate children.

Narbonne-Lara held various military and diplomatic roles throughout his life. During the French Revolution, he served as Minister of War under Louis XVI but resigned due to disagreements with the Feuillants. He later joined the Army of the North and was promoted to lieutenant general. After the fall of the monarchy, he fled France and returned in 1801.

Napoleon called him into service in 1809, and he held several prominent positions, including Governor of Raab, divisional general commander in Trieste, and minister plenipotentiary in Bavaria. He advised Napoleon against invading Russia but was not heeded. Following the Russian Campaign, he served as the French ambassador in Vienna and Governor of Torgau. He died of typhus in 1813, and his name was inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe.